Vitamins

1 Name --- Vitamin A
Chemical name --- Retinol
Solubility --- Fat
Food source --- Cod liver oil, carrots
Year of discovery --- 1913
Deficiency disease --- Night-blindness and Keratomalacia
Overdose disease --- Hypervitaminosis A
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Night-blindness and Keratomalacia
Overdose disease --- Hypervitaminosis A

2 Name --- Vitamin B1
Chemical name --- Thiamine
Year of discovery --- 1910
Food source --- Rice bran
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Overdose disease --- Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses.

3 Name --- Vitamin B2
Chemical name --- Riboflavin
Year of discovery --- 1920
Food source --- Meat, eggs
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Ariboflavinosis


4 Name --- Vitamin B3
Chemical name --- Niacin
Year of discovery --- 1936
Food source --- Meat, eggs, grains
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Pellagra
Overdose disease --- Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems

5 Name --- Vitamin B5
Chemical name --- Pantothenic acid
Year of discovery --- 1931
Food source --- Meats, whole grains, in many foods
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Paresthesia
Overdose disease --- Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.

6 Name --- Vitamin B6
Chemical name --- Pyridoxine
Year of discovery --- 1934
Food source --- Meat, dairy products.
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Anemia peripheral neuropathy.
Overdose disease --- Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)

7 Name --- Vitamin B7
Chemical name --- Biotin
Year of discovery --- 1931
Food source --- Meats, dairy products, eggs
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Dermatitis, enteritis

8 Name --- Vitamin B9
Chemical name --- Folic acid
Year of discovery --- 1941
Food source --- Leafy green vegetables
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects
Overdose disease --- May mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency; other effects.

9 Name --- Vitamin B12
Chemical name --- Cobalamins
Year of discovery --- 1926
Food source --- Liver, eggs, animal products
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Megaloblastic anemia
Overdose disease --- No known toxicity

10 Name --- Vitamin C
Chemical name --- Ascorbic acid
Year of discovery --- 1920
Food source --- Citrus, most fresh foods
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Scurvy
Overdose disease --- Vitamin C megadosage

11 Name --- Vitamin D
Chemical name --- Calciferol
Year of discovery --- 1920
Food source --- Cod liver oil
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Rickets and Osteomalacia
Overdose disease --- Hypervitaminosis D

12 Name --- Vitamin E
Chemical name --- Tocopherol
Year of discovery --- 1922
Food source --- Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants.
Overdose disease --- Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.

13 Name --- Vitamin K
Chemical name --- Phylloquinone/phytol naphthoquinone
Year of discovery --- 1929
Food source --- Leafy green vegetables
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Bleeding diathesis
Overdose disease --- Increases coagulation in patients taking warfarin.